[ê«Ùþ] Adlai Stevenson
Defines the Nature of Patriotism (August
27, 1952)
I have no claim, as many of you do, to
the honored title of old soldier.1) Nor
have I risen to high rank in the armed services.
The fact that a great general and I are
competing candidates for the presidency
will not diminish my warm respect for his
military achievements.2) Nor will that respect
keep me from using every honest effort to
defeat him in November!¡¦
We talk a great deal about patriotism.
What do we mean by ¡°patriotism¡± in the
context of our times? I venture to suggest
that what we mean is a sense of national
responsibility which will enable America
to remain master of her power¡ªto walk with
it in serenity and wisdom, with self-respect
and the respect of all mankind; a patriotism
that puts country ahead of self; a patriotism
which is not short, frenzied outbursts of
emotion, but the tranquil and steady dedication
of a lifetime. The dedication of a lifetime¡ªthese
are words that are easy to utter, but this
is a mighty assignment. For it is often
easier to fight for principles than to live
up to them.
Patriotism, I have said, means putting
country before self. This is no abstract
phrase, and unhappily, we find some things
in American life today of which we cannot
be proud.
Consider the groups who seek to identify
their special interests with the general
welfare. I find it sobering to think that
their pressures might one day be focused
on me. I have resisted them before, and
I hope the Almighty will give me the strength
to do so again and again. And I should tell
you¡ªmy fellow Legionnaires¡ªas I would
tell all other organized groups, that I
intend to resist pressures from veterans,
too, if I think their demands are excessive
or in conflict with the public interest,
which must always be the paramount interest.
Let me suggest, incidentally, that we
are rapidly becoming a nation of veterans.
If we were all to claim a special reward
for our service, beyond that to which specific
disability or sacrifice has created a just
claim, who would be left to pay the bill?
After all, we are Americans first and veterans
second, and the best maxim for any administration
is still Jefferson¡¯s: ¡°Equal rights for
all, special privileges for none.¡±True
patriotism, it seems to me, is based on
tolerance and a large measure of humility.
There are men among us who use ¡°patriotism¡±
as a club for attacking other Americans.3)
What can we say for the self-styled patriot
who thinks that a Negro, a Jew, a Catholic,
or a Japanese-American is less an American
than he? That betrays the deepest article
of our faith, the belief in individual liberty
and equality which has always been the heart
and soul of the American idea.
What can we say for the man who proclaims
himself a patriot¡ªand then for political
of personal reasons attacks the patriotism
of faithful public servants?
I give you, as a shocking example, the
attacks which have been made on the loyalty
and the motives of our great wartime chief
of staff, General Marshall. To me this is
the type of ¡°patriotism¡± which is, in
Dr. Johnson¡¯s phrase, ¡°the last refuge
of scoundrels.¡±
The anatomy of patriotism is complex.
But surely intolerance and public irresponsibility
cannot be cloaked in the shining armor of
rectitude and righteousness. Nor can the
denial of the right to hold ideas that are
different¡ªthe freedom of man to think as
he pleases. To strike freedom of the mind
with the fist of patriotism is an old and
ugly subtlety. And the freedom of the mind,
my friends, has served America well. The
vigor of our political life, our capacity
for change, our cultural, scientific, and
industrial achievements, all derive from
free inquiry, from the free mind¡ªfrom the
imagination, resourcefulness, and daring
of men who are not afraid of new ideas.
Most all of us favor free enterprise for
business. Let us also favor free enterprise
for the mind. For, in the last analysis,
we would fight to the death to protect it.
Why is it, then, that we are sometimes slow
to detect, or are indifferent to, the dangers
that beset it? Many of the threats to our
cherished freedoms in these anxious, troubled
times arise, it seems to me, from a healthy
apprehension about the Communist menace
within our country. Communism is abhorrent.
It is strangulation of the individual;
it is death for the soul. Americans who
have surrendered to this misbegotten idol
have surrendered their right to our trust.
And there can be no secure place for them
in our public life.
Yet, as I have said before, we must take
care not to burn down the barn to kill the
rats. All of us, and especially patriotic
organizations of enormous influence like
the American Legion, must be vigilant in
protecting our birthright from its too zealous
friends while protecting it from its evil
enemies.
The tragedy of our day is the climate
of fear in which we live, and fear breeds
repression. Too often sinister threats to
the Bill of Rights, to freedom of the mind,
are concealed under the patriotic cloak
of anticommunism. I could add, from my own
experience, that it is never necessary to
call a man a Communist to make political
capital. Those of us who have undertaken
to practice the ancient but imperfect art
of government will always make enough mistakes
to keep our critics well supplied with standard
ammunition. There is no need for poison
gas¡¦.
Let me now, in my concluding words, inquire
with you how we may affirm our patriotism
in the troubled yet hopeful years that are
ahead.
The central concern of the American Legion¡ªthe
ideal which holds it together¡ªthe vitality
which animates it¡ªis patriotism. And those
voices which we have heard most clearly
and which are best remembered in our public
life have always had the accent of patriotism.
It was always accounted a virtue in a
man to love his country. With us it is now
something more than a virtue. It is a necessity,
a condition of survival. When an American
says that he loves his country, he means
not only that he loves the New England hills,
the prairies glistening in the sun, the
wide and rising plains, the great mountains,
and the sea. He means that he loves an inner
air, an inner light in which freedom lives
and in which a man can draw the breath of
self-respect. Men who have offered their
lives for their country know that patriotism
is not the fear of something; it is the
love of
something.4) Patriotism with us is not
the hatred of Russia; it is the love of
this Republic and of the ideal of liberty
of man and mind in which it was born, and
to which this Republic is dedicated.5)
With this patriotism¡ªpatriotism in its
large and wholesome meaning¡ªAmerica can
master its power and turn it to the noble
cause of peace. We can maintain military
power without militarism; political power
without oppression; and moral power without
compulsion or complacency.
The road we travel is long, but at the
end lies the grail of peace. And in the
valley of peace we see the faint outlines
of a new world, fertile and strong.
It is odd that one of the keys to abundance
should have been handed to civilization
on a platter of destruction.6) But the power
of the atom to work evil gives only the
merest hint of its power for good.I believe
that man stands on the eve of his greatest
day. I know, too, that that day is not a
gift but a prize¡ªthat we shall not reach
it until we have won it. Legionnaires are
united by memories of war. Therefore, no
group is more devoted to peace. I say to
you now that there is work to be done, that
the difficulties and dangers that beset
our path at home and abroad are incalculable.
There is sweat and sacrifice; there is much
of patience and quiet persistence in our
horoscope. Perhaps the goal is not even
for us to see in our lifetime.
But we are embarked on a great adventure.
Let us proclaim our faith in the future
of man. Of good heart and good cheer, faithful
to ourselves and our traditions, we can
lift the cause of freedom, the cause of
free men, so high no power on earth can
tear it down. We can pluck this flower,
safety, from this nettle, danger. Living,
speaking, like men¡ªlike Americans¡ªwe can
lead the way to our rendezvous in a happy,
peaceful world