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[ê«Ùþ]
Abraham Lincoln¡¯s First Inaugural Speech(March
4, 1861)
Apprehension seems to exist among the
people of the southern states that by the
accession of a Republican administration
their property and their peace and personal
security are to be endangered.
There has never been any reasonable cause
for such apprehension. Indeed, the most
ample evidence to the contrary has all the
while existed and been open to their inspection.
It is found in nearly all the published
speeches of him who now addresses you. I
do but quote from one of those speeches
when I declare that.
I have no purpose, directly or indirectly,
to interfere with the institution of slavery
in the states where it exists. I believe
I have no lawful right to do so, and I have
no inclination to do so¡¦.
It is seventy-two years since the first
inauguration of a president under our national
Constitution. During that period fifteen
different and greatly distinguished citizens
have in succession administered the executive
branch of the government. They have conducted
it through many perils, and generally with
great success. Yet, with all this scope
of precedent, I now enter upon the same
task for the brief constitutional term of
four years under great and peculiar difficulty.
A disruption of the federal Union, heretofore
only menaced, is now formidably attempted.
I hold that in contemplation of universal
law and of the Constitution the Union of
these states is perpetual. Perpetuity is
implied, if not expressed, in the fundamental
law of all national governments. It is safe
to assert that no government proper ever
had a provision in its organic law for its
own termination. Continue to execute all
the express provisions of our national Constitution,
and the Union will endure forever, it being
impossible to destroy it except by some
action not provided for in the instrument
itself. Again: If the United States be not
a government proper, but an association
of states in the nature of contract merely,
can it, as a contract, be peaceably unmade
by less than all the parties who made it?
One party to a contract may violate it¡ªbreak
it, so to speak¡ªbut does it not require
all to lawfully rescind it?
Descending from these general principles,
we find the proposition that in legal contemplation
the Union is perpetual confirmed by the
history of the Union itself. The Union is
much older than the Constitution. It was
formed, in fact, by the Articles of Association
in 1774.
It was matured and continued by the Declaration
of Independence in 1776. It was further
matured, and the faith of all the then thirteen
states expressly plighted and engaged that
it should be perpetual, by the Articles
of Confederation in 1778. And finally, in
1787, one of the declared objects for ordaining
and establishing the Constitution was ¡°to
form a more perfect Union.¡±
But if destruction of the Union by one
or by a part only of the states be lawfully
possible, the Union is less perfect than
before the Constitution, having lost the
vital element of perpetuity.
It follows from these views that no state
upon its own mere motion can lawfully get
out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances
to that effect are legally void; and that
acts of violence within any state or states
against the authority of the United States
are insurrectionary or revolutionary, according
to circumstances.
I therefore consider that in view of
the Constitution and the laws the Union
is unbroken, and to the extent of my ability,
I shall take care, as the Constitution itself
expressly enjoins upon me, that the laws
of the Union be faithfully executed in all
the states¡¦. That there are persons in
one section or another who seek to destroy
the Union at all events and are glad of
any pretext
to do it I will neither affirm nor deny;
but if there be such, I need address no
word to them. To those, however, who really
love the Union may I not speak?
Before entering upon so grave a matter
as the destruction of our national fabric,
with all its benefits, its memories, and
its hopes, would it not be wise to ascertain
precisely why we do it? Will you hazard
so desperate a step while there is any possibility
that any portion of the ills you fly from
have no real existence? Will you, while
the certain ills you fly to are greater
than all the real ones you fly from, will
you risk the commission of so fearful a
mistake?
All profess to be content in the Union
if all constitutional rights can be maintained.
Is it true, then, that any right plainly
written in the Constitution has been denied?
I think not. Happily, the human mind is
so constituted that no party can reach to
the audacity of doing this. Think, if you
can, of a single instance in which a plainly
written provision of the Constitution has
ever been denied. If by the mere force of
numbers a majority should deprive a minority
of any clearly written constitutional right,
it might in a moral point of view justify
revolution¡ªcertainly would if such right
were a vital one. But such is not our case.
All the vital rights of minorities and of
individuals are so plainly assured to them
by affirmations and negations, guaranties
and prohibitions, in the Constitution that
controversies never arise concerning them.
But no organic law can ever be framed with
a provision specifically applicable to
every question which may occur in practical
administration. No foresight can anticipate
nor any document of reasonable length contain
express provisions for all possible questions.
Shall fugitives from labor be surrendered
by national or by state authority? The Constitution
does not expressly say. May Congress prohibit
slavery in the territories? The Constitution
does not expressly say. Must Congress protect
slavery in the territories? The Constitution
does not expressly say. From questions of
this class spring all our constitutional
controversies, and we divide upon them into
majorities and minorities. If the minority
will not acquiesce, the majority must, or
the government must cease. There is no other
alternative, for continuing the government
is
acquiescence on one side or the other.
If a minority in such case will secede rather
than acquiesce, they make a precedent which
in turn will divide and ruin them, for a
minority of their own will secede from them
whenever a majority refuses to be controlled
by such minority. For instance, why may
not any portion of a new confederacy a year
or two hence arbitrarily secede again, precisely
as portions of the present Union now claim
to secede from it? All who cherish disunion
sentiments are now being educated to the
exact temper of doing this.
Is there such perfect identity of interests
among the states to compose a new union
as to produce harmony only and prevent renewed
secession?
Plainly the central idea of secession
is the essence of anarchy. A majority held
in restraint by constitutional checks and
limitations, and lways changing easily with
deliberate changes of popular opinions and
sentiments, is the only true sovereign of
a free people. Whoever rejects it does of
necessity fly to anarchy or to despotism.
Unanimity is impossible. The rule of a minority,
as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible;
so that, rejecting the majority principle,
anarchy or despotism in some form is all
that is left.
I do not forget the position assumed
by some that constitutional questions are
to be decided by the Supreme Court, nor
do I deny that such decisions must be binding
in any case upon the parties to a suit as
to the object of that suit, while they are
also entitled to very high respect and consideration
in all parallel cases by all other departments
of the government. And while it is obviously
possible that such decision may be erroneous
in any given case, still the evil effect
following it, being limited to that particular
case, with the chance that it may be overruled
and never become a precedent for other cases,
can better be borne than could the evils
of
a different practice. At the same time,
the candid citizen must confess that if
the policy of the government upon vital
questions affecting the whole people is
to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of
the Supreme Court, the instant they are
made in ordinary litigation between parties
in personal actions the people will have
ceased to be their own rulers, having to
that extent practically resigned their government
into the hands of that eminent tribunal.
Nor is there in this view any assault upon
the court or the judges. It is a duty from
which they may not shrink to decide cases
properly brought before them, and it is
no fault of theirs if others seek to turn
their decisions to political purposes. One
section of our country believes slavery
is right and ought to be extended, while
the other believes it is wrong and ought
not
to be extended. This is the only substantial
dispute. The fugitive slave clause of the
Constitution and the law for the suppression
of the foreign slave trade are each as well
enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be
in a community where the moral sense of
the people
imperfectly supports the law itself.
The great body of the people abide by the
dry legal obligation in both cases, and
a few break over in each. This, I think,
cannot be perfectly cured, and it would
be worse in both cases after the separation
of the sections than before. The foreign
slave trade, now imperfectly suppressed,
would be ultimately revived without restriction
in one section, while fugitive slaves, now
only partially surrendered, would not be
surrendered at all by the other.
Physically speaking, we cannot separate.
We cannot remove our respective sections
from each other nor build an impassable
wall between them. A husband and wife may
be divorced and go out of the presence and
beyond the reach of each other, but the
different parts of our country cannot do
this. They cannot but remain face to face,
and intercourse, either amicable or hostile,
must continue between them. Is it possible,
then, to make that intercourse more advantageous
or more satisfactory after separation than
before? Can aliens make treaties easier
than friends can make laws? Can treaties
be more faithfully enforced between aliens
than laws can among friends? Suppose you
go to war, you cannot fight always; and
when, after much loss on both sides and
no gain on either, you cease fighting, the
identical old questions, as to terms of
intercourse, are again upon you. This country,
with its institutions, belongs to the people
who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow,
weary of the existing government, they can
exercise their constitutional right of amending
it or their revolutionary right to dismember
or overthrow it¡¦. The chief magistrate
derives all his authority from the people,
and they have conferred none upon him to
fix terms for the separation of the states.
The people themselves can do this if also
they choose, but the executive as such has
nothing to do with it. His duty is to administer
the present government as it came to his
hands and to transmit it unimpaired by him
to his successor. Why should there not be
a patient confidence in the ultimate justice
of the people? Is there any better or equal
hope
in the world? In our present differences,
is either party without faith of being in
the right? If the Almighty Ruler of nations,
with his eternal truth and justice, be on
your side of the North, or on yours of the
South, that truth and that justice will
surely prevail by the judgment of this great
tribunal of the American people.
By the frame of the government under
which we live this same people have wisely
given their public servants but little power
for mischief, and have with equal wisdom
provided for the return of that little to
their own hands at very short intervals.
While the people retain their virtue and
vigilance, no administration by any extreme
of wickedness or folly can very seriously
injure the government in the short space
of four years.
My countrymen, one and all, think calmly
and well upon this whole subject. Nothing
valuable can be lost by taking time. If
there be an object to hurry any of you in
hot haste to a step which you would never
take deliberately, that object will be frustrated
by taking time; but no good object can be
frustrated by it. Such of you as are now
dissatisfied still have the old Constitution
unimpaired and, on the sensitive point,
the laws of your own framing under it; while
the new administration will have no immediate
power, if it would, to change either. If
it were admitted that you who are dissatisfied
hold the right side in the dispute, there
still is no single good reason for precipitate
action. Intelligence, patriotism, Christianity,
and a firm reliance on him who has never
yet forsaken this favored land are still
competent to adjust in the best way all
our present difficulty. In your hands, my
dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not
in mine, is the momentous issue of civil
war. The government will not assail you.
You can have no conflict without being yourselves
the aggressors. You have no oath registered
in heaven to destroy the government, while
I shall have the most solemn one to ¡°preserve,
protect, and defend it.¡± I am loath to
close. We are not enemies but friends. We
must not be enemies. Though passion may
have strained, it must not break our bonds
of affection. The mystic chords of memory,
stretching from every battlefield and patriot
grave to every living heart and hearthstone
all over this broad land, will yet swell
the chorus of the Union, when again touched,
as surely they will be, by the better angels
of our nature.
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